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The Barren Island volcano, on a remote uninhabited island off the country's eastern coast, had been lying dormant for more than 150 years until it saw a major eruption in 1991. Since then it has shown intermittent activity, including eruptions in 1995 and 2005.
The volcano erupted in bursts of cloud and smoke lasting about five to 10 minutes.
"It was a small eruption compared to the last major eruptions in 1991 and 1995," Dr. Abhay Mudholkar, chief scientist at the Goa-based NIO, told CNN.
Mudholkar said their team was about one nautical mile from the island. They did not land on it as it was considered too dangerous.
The team took samples of sediments and water in the vicinity of the volcano and recovered coal-like black pyroclastic material, the NIO said in the statement.
These samples will help the NIO study volcanic activity in the region.
"We're discussing when to go there again," said Mudholkar.
The volcano is located in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.