The Japanese powerhouse of the '80s didn't last, but Pocari went on to become a force in the sports beverage market.

Last year, 270 million bottles were distributed across more than 20 countries and regions. Around the same number were distributed in Japan, according to Otsuka Pharmaceutical, the Japanese company that makes it. Amid the pandemic, the company donated more than 1.2 million bottles to hospitals and governments across its markets.

Launched in 1980, Pocari Sweat was inspired by the rehydrating effects of an IV solution. The ingredients include water, sugar, citric acid, magnesium, calcium and sodium. Pocari replenishes water and electrolytes — a set of minerals your body needs to function — lost through sweat.

The beverage is to many Asians what Gatorade is to Americans, and Lucozade is to the British.

But, the brand, which turns 40 this year, is virtually unheard of in the West.

A drink that mimics sweat

Pocari's story starts with Rokuro Harima, an Otsuka employee who got food poisoning during a business trip to Mexico in the 1970s.

At hospital, doctors told Harima to replenish his energy with fizzy soda drinks. But when Harima spotted a doctor drinking from a pouch of IV solution to rehydrate himself after performing surgery, he had an idea.

In the 1960s, he had helped fine-tune the flavor of Otsuka's "Oronamin C," a carbonated nutritional drink targeted at weary businessmen needing a midday pick-me-up. Now the "king of taste," as his peers called him, had set his sights on creating a new market in Japan.

Gatorade had been sold in the US since the 1960s. But in Japan in the 1970s, sports drinks were uncharted territory.

Back in the laboratory, he and a team of researchers had discovered that the concentration of sweat was different for people doing sport compared to those just going about their day. They wanted a drink — with properties similar to sweat — that could hydrate people whatever they were doing.

Researchers developed dozens of prototypes, but they all tasted too bitter. The breakthrough came when they added a dash of citrus powder juice to their translucent solution, eventually refining the formula to two samples with differing sugar levels.

Researchers put those solutions to the test by climbing a mountain in Tokushima prefecture in southern Japan, says Jeffrey Gilbert, a spokesman at Otsuka. They concluded that the less sugary version went better with exercise.

The formula for Pocari Sweat was born. All they needed was a name and a logo.

What's in a name?

With its literal nod to perspiration, Pocari Sweat's name has bemused many native English speakers. The first part of its name was chosen for its sound. "Pocari" comes off as vaguely European and is easy to pronounce but has no meaning, Gilbert says.

As Japan absorbed Western influences in the post-World War II years, European languages were seen as chic and exotic. English slogans adorned everything from billboards to T-shirts, lunch boxes and pencil cases.

The word "sweat," on the other hand, conveys the drink's practical purpose.

Back in the 1980s, most carbonated and soft drinks were sold in bold red, orange and white containers, according to the JSDA. Yet given the high turnover rate in the Japanese beverage market, Akihiko Otsuka — then president of Otsuka Pharmaceutical — knew he had to make a statement. Reminiscent of breaking ocean waves, Pocari's cool blue and white cover was an outlier in terms of design.

It was a risk engineered to catch the eye of curious consumers.

Creating a new market

Pocari Sweat was not a smash hit when it landed in Japanese stores in 1980. "Because this drink category didn't exist in Japan, people didn't know what to make of it," says Gilbert.

It didn't have Coke's dark coloring and signature sweet fizz. Nor was it like Suntory's energy drink Regain, which appealed to businessmen prepared to work 24-hour shifts. Instead, Pocari Sweat promised to keep people hydrated.

Early marketing campaigns focused on the dangers of dehydration. Television commercials and posters targeted everyone from people with hangovers to sports enthusiasts.

"Back then, Japan didn't have as many supermarkets or vending machines as it does today. Shoppers bought drinks at mom and pop stores, so Otsuka made an effort to reach out to people and familiarize them with Pocari's taste and function," says Kiyomi Kai, a spokeswoman at the JSDA.

Despite the struggle to launch, Gilbert says giving up wasn't an option. "Otsuka is very, very sticky and persistent in what it does on both the drug and consumer side — it goes in deep and stays there," he says.

Eventually, its efforts paid off. In the mid-1990s, Pocari Sweat became Japan's first domestically produced non-alcoholic drink to hit a cumulative shipment value of over $1 billion.

Sold primarily in hot countries across Asia and the Middle East, Gilbert says the hydrating message behind Pocari products — which now include powder and jelly — speak to those markets. Private vendors are selling the drink in Western nations, too.

But Otsuka never dreamed of dominating the West.

Looking to Asia

Pocari Sweat was launched in Japan as the economy boomed. Otsuka predicted that the level of economic growth would spread across Asia.

The drink hit shelves in Hong Kong and Taiwan in 1982 and in Singapore, Bahrain, Oman and Saudi Arabia the following year, along with a slew of other markets over the next decades.

The strategy of investing in Asian and Gulf markets for the long haul bore dividends.

The region's spending power was growing, and Pocari Sweat was well-placed to ride the wave.

Overcoming cultural hurdles

For example, it didn't make sense to advertise Pocari Sweat to Indonesians as a means to rehydrate after a bath or when they had a hangover, as they did in Japan and the Philippines.

In Indonesia, people take showers instead of baths. And, as Islam forbids alcohol, there's no Indonesian word for "hangover," says Yoshihiro Bando, the president director of Otsuka's Indonesian branch, in a 2015 YouTube video.

But it didn't take long for Pocari's image to shapeshift.

Pop culture meets ion supply

From 2016, running became a popular activity among Indonesians, according to Jakarta-based advertising agency Olrange. It partnered with Otsuka between 2015 and 2018 to produce a series of campaigns to expand Pocari Sweat's appeal.

Along with sports campaigns dubbed #SafeRunning and Born to Sweat, Olrange leveraged Japan's pop culture to attract younger consumers.

In 2018, Olrange launched a series of online videos — dubbed "the most kawaii (cute) web series in Indonesia" — featuring Haruka Nakagawa and Yukari Sasou, two Japanese Pocari Sweat ambassadors and celebrities popular in Indonesia.

It "captivated" Indonesian youngsters, says Stephanie Putri Fajar, an account director at Olrange.

The videos shows the young friends sharing rice balls, going to school, hanging out and experiencing teenage life as peppy tunes play in the background.

That call to youngsters is driving Otsuka's strategy as it fosters markets at home and abroad, according to Tomomi Fujikawa, an analyst at Euromonitor International.

Moonshot drink

In Japan, Pocari Sweat is stocked in convenience stores, vending machines, supermarkets and drug stores. While ubiquity helps, Otsuka has worked hard to make the brand relevant, says Roy Larke, a marketing professor at the Waikato University in New Zealand.

For instance, in 2020, Otsuka recruited virtual pop star Hatsune Miku as a brand ambassador ahead of the now-postponed Summer Olympics, to appeal to a new generation of young people.

That cycle of refreshing Pocari Sweat but sticking by its signature blue-and-white look and message of hydration, has allowed the brand to outlast its competitors and thrive.

"Some brands are designed specifically for the convenience store market, so they have a three-to-six month lifespan for a particular recipe, but Pocari Sweat isn't like that," says Larke, who is also the editor of intelligence website JapanConsuming.

"It's an enduring long-term brand that Otsuka has really developed over the last 50 years, and today it's that endurance and long history in Japan that has kept it going."