The New York City Commission on Human Rights has fined Fox News $US1 million ($1.3 million), the largest penalty in its history, for violations of laws protecting against sexual harassment and job retaliation.

As part of a settlement agreement announced on Tuesday, Fox also agreed to mandate anti-harassment training for its New York-based staff and contributors, and to temporarily drop a policy requiring people who allege misconduct to enter into binding arbitration.

The penalty stems from an investigation that began in 2017 following several reports of what the commission called "rampant abuse" at the popular news and opinion outlet.

The first indication of problems at the channel came in 2016 when former anchor Gretchen Carlson charged that now-dead network chief Roger Ailes had made unwanted advances and derailed her career when she rejected him. 

Both Mr Ailes and former Fox personality Bill O'Reilly lost their jobs over misconduct allegations.

Several other women have come forward with lawsuits and their own harassment allegations, including former anchor Megyn Kelly.

The $1 million fine groups four separate "willful and wanton" violations that each carried a maximum penalty of $250,000. 

The commission would not identify the people involved in those cases, or whether there were more.

Officials said they hoped the large penalty would deter bad behaviour at any workplace.

Fox has characterised the cases as the product of a previous regime, saying the network has cleaned up its act under the leadership of Suzanne Scott, current CEO of Fox News Media. 

The commission said it did not interview anyone who came forward after Ms Scott took over in 2018.

"We are pleased to reach an amicable resolution of this legacy matter," Fox said in a statement.

"Fox News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but cooperated with the New York City Commission on Human Rights to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment."

The commission found that women who rejected advances were retaliated against with fewer appearances on the air and bad work assignments, and had their text messages spied upon.

Besides the requirement for training, the commission ordered Fox to maintain an anonymous hotline for employees to report harassment or job retaliation.

Fox's compliance will be monitored by outside inspectors four times in each of the next two years.

Ms Malalis said she hoped the provision requiring Fox not to insist upon mandatory arbitration to settle disputes — forums that often benefit employers and keep allegations secret — would be a model for similar settlements in the future. That provision will be in place for four years.

People with complaints would be able to choose where to have their accusations aired, she said.

The settlement does not affect confidentiality agreements, in which some employees leaving a company as a result of others' misdeeds agree not to discuss the matter in exchange for money.

Ms Malalis said she could not speak to the working climate now at Fox.

Like lots of other corporations, many of its employees have been out of the office due to the pandemic.

"I'm not in place there and can't see what their day-to-day operations are," she said.

"It was the intention of this agreement to shape what is going on at Fox now and certainly what will happen at Fox in the future."

Since 2017, the commission has filed 521 claims of gender-based workplace harassment, assessing $4.5 million in damages and penalties.

AP