Kids' noses may be better at fighting off COVID-19 than those of adults.

Dr Kirsty Short from the school of chemistry and molecular biosciences at the University of Queensland says it may be one reason immune responses among children have proved more effective against the virus.

"Children have a lower COVID-19 infection rate and milder symptoms than adults but the reasons for this have been unknown," she says.

"We've shown the lining of children's noses have a more pro-inflammatory response to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 than adults' noses."

Dr Short and her colleagues exposed samples of nasal lining cells from 23 healthy children and 15 healthy adults to the virus.

The results showed it replicated less efficiently in the children's nasal cells and there was a heightened antiviral response.

"It could be an adaptation to the increased threats of 'foreign invaders' such as viruses or bacteria observed in childhood," she said.

"It's also possible increased exposure to these threats in childhood 'trains' the nasal lining in children to mount a stronger pro-inflammatory response.

"Or alternatively, metabolic differences between children and adults could alter how virus-fighting genes express themselves."

The researchers found the Delta COVID-19 variant was significantly less likely to replicate in the nasal cells of children but the trend was markedly less pronounced in the case of Omicron.

Meanwhile, state and federal authorities are worried the number of Australians getting their third dose of COVID-19 vaccine is lagging.

Some 71.4 per cent of those eligible, or more than 14.1 million people, have so far received a third dose.

But there are more than 5.6 million yet to get their booster.

Queensland is the worst-performing state, with 64.5 per cent of eligible residents receiving a third jab, while the ACT has the best coverage (79.9 per cent).

The booster rate is 55 per cent for Indigenous Australians nationally.

Australia recorded nearly 23,000 new virus cases and 32 deaths on Sunday, down from Saturday's numbers, although Queensland does not report fatality figures on weekends.  

There are more than 4400 people in hospital with the virus and 161 patients requiring intensive care across the nation. 

LATEST 24-HOUR COVID-19 DATA:

Victoria: 5114 cases, three deaths, 660 in hospital with 40 in ICU

NSW: 10,027 cases, 15 deaths, 2181 in hospital with 57 in ICU

Queensland: 2649, no deaths, 669 in hospital with 29 in ICU

Tasmania: 527 cases, four deaths, 83 in hospital with one in ICU

ACT: 415 cases, no deaths, 140 in hospital with five in ICU

NT: 159 cases, no deaths, 40 in hospital with three in ICU

SA: 1595 cases, no deaths, 316 in hospital with 12 in ICU

WA: 2361 cases, 10 deaths, 342 in hosptial with 14 in ICU.