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Production of opium in Myanmar has flourished since the military's seizure of power, with the cultivation of poppies up by a third in the past year, according to a United Nations' report released on Thursday.
Key points:
- The UN says virtually all the heroin seized in Australia originates in Myanmar
- It estimates the overall value of Myanmar's opiate economy ranges between $660 million and $2 billion
- Myanmar's synthetic drug economy has also been surging
Eradication efforts have dropped off and the faltering economy has led more people toward the drug trade, the report found.
In 2022 — in the first full growing season since the military wrested control of the country from the democratically elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi in 2021 — Myanmar saw a 33 per cent increase in the area of poppies under cultivation to 40,100 hectares, according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime report.
"Economic, security and governance disruptions that followed the military takeover of February 2021 have converged, and farmers in remote, often conflict-prone, areas in northern Shan and border states have had little option but to move back to opium," the UN office's regional representative, Jeremy Douglas, said.
The overall value of the Myanmar opiate economy, based on UN estimates, ranges between $660 million and $2 billion, depending on how much was sold locally, and how much of the raw opium was processed into heroin or other drugs.
"Virtually all the heroin reported in East and South-East Asia, and Australia, originates in Myanmar, and the country remains the second-largest opium and heroin producer in the world after Afghanistan," Mr Douglas said.
"There is no comparing the two at this point [because] Afghanistan still produces far more, but the expansion underway in Myanmar should not be dismissed, and needs attention, as it will likely continue. It is directly tied to the security and economic situation we see unfolding today."
The Golden Triangle
The "Golden Triangle" area — where the borders of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand meet — has historically been a major production area for opium and has hosted many of the labs that convert it to heroin.
Decades of political instability have made the frontier regions of Myanmar — also known as Burma — largely lawless, to be exploited by drug producers and traffickers.
Most of the opium exported by Myanmar goes to China and Vietnam, while heroin goes to many countries across the region, Mr Douglas said.
"It is really where the value is for traffickers," he said. "Very high profits."
The cultivation of opium had been trending downward in recent years before the military took control of the government in 2021.
Production estimates hit a bottom of 400 tonnes in 2020. After rising slightly in 2021, that spiked in 2022, to an estimated 790 tonnes, according to the report.
Since it took control of the government, the military's use of deadly force to hold on to power has escalated conflict with its civilian opponents, to the point that some experts describe the country as now being in a state of civil war.
The costs have been high, with 2,810 people killed by government forces to date and 17,427 detained, according to the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners.
Such violence has meant that the government has been unable to reach some areas to carry out drug-eradication raids, and has also had to divert its resources elsewhere.
Consequently, eradication efforts appear to have decreased substantially, with 1,403 hectares reported eradicated in 2022 — some 70 per cent less than in 2021.
At the same time, as the conflict continues to take its toll on Myanmar's economy, an increasing number of rural households have been pushed into relying more on opium cultivation for income, the UN said.
"The expansion of opium production that is underway is fundamentally about poverty and people in rural areas reacting to the economic situation," Mr Douglas said.
"It has always been there in tough times. At the same time, the security situation is clearly difficult with [the] increasing frequency and intensity of conflict, and those involved in the drug economy have been left largely unchecked."
Myanmar's synthetic drug economy has also been surging for the same reasons, with reported regional seizures of methamphetamine and other drugs reaching record levels.
In a single bust in September in Laos, for example, authorities seized 33 million methamphetamine tablets, along with 500 kilograms of crystal methamphetamine.
AP