Best overall: Maxeon 7

The most efficient residential solar panel is the Maxeon 7, which unseated older Maxeon and Canadian Solar panels. Maxeon has led the industry in solar panel efficiency for some time and its newest offering had its record-setting efficiency mark confirmed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Its 24.9% efficiency in the lab translates to about 24.1% in rooftop settings. There's one catch for American solar shoppers: It won't be available outside of Europe until later this year.

While nearly 25% is an eye-catching number, experts have told us that fixating on efficiency isn't always the way to go. You'll want to consider the whole output of a solar panel system and its total cost, not just the specs of an individual panel. And you may not want to wait for better or cheaper options, although solar tech keeps improving and installation costs are trending down. Still, if you have limited space -- such as a small roof or a lot of shading -- highly efficient panels could make sense. Here are those that perform the best.

What is solar panel efficiency?

Solar panels may all seem basically the same, but they're different in at least a few ways. One of those ways, efficiency rating, measures how much of the sun's energy a panel's solar cells turn into usable electricity. More efficient solar panels will generate more electricity than less efficient ones given the same amount of sunlight.

"If something is 20% efficient, that means that 20% of the energy in that sunlight reaching the solar panel gets turned into moving electrons," Daniel Ciolkosz, professor of agricultural and biological engineering at Pennsylvania State University, told CNET.

Choosing the best solar panels for your home is a game of balancing solar panel cost, function (like efficiency) and perhaps even aesthetics. Your choice is also limited by what your chosen solar installer actually offers.

I've been writing about solar for CNET for the last two years, during which time I've read dozens of spec sheets and talked to numerous industry experts about what matters for home installations. While ranking panels by their efficiency rating is a relatively straightforward task, I've also created the scoring methodologies for and ranked the best solar companies and best solar panels for CNET.

This list ranks the most efficient solar panels as identified by our mid-April 2024 survey of the specifications solar companies have publicly available. We'll tell you which panels get top marks for turning sunlight into the most energy, and we'll explain how much solar panel efficiency actually matters.

Most efficient solar panels of 2024

Maxeon's newest residential panel is also its most efficient. It beats its nearest competitors by one full percentage point. It also has a temperature coefficient of -0.27%, which means it won't slow down as much as others as temperatures rise. Maxeon also extends one of the strongest production guarantees, saying that its panels will still produce at 92% capacity after 25 years.

Canadian Solar's 470-watt model of its HiKu6 panel is the largest panel by watts on this list. (As models of the same panel series get larger, they get more efficient.) The HiKu6's temperature coefficient of -0.29% and its 25-year guarantee of 89.4% of its production both come up just short of Maxeon's best marks.

Maxeon has sold its panels in the United States through SunPower and its subsidiary Blue Raven, though it could start selling through more installers after an exclusive relationship ended in March. The Maxeon 6's efficiency mark matches what used to be the top mark. Its temperature coefficient and production warranty match those of the Maxeon 7.

Maxeon's third entry on the list has an energy coefficient of -0.27% and a maximum 25-year degradation of 8%. 

At -0.24%, REC's Alpha Pure panel has the best temperature coefficient. It will lose less production at higher temperatures than other panels. Larger versions of specific solar panels are more efficient than smaller ones, and this is one of the largest panels on our list. It's guaranteed to produce at 92% of its original capacity after 25 years.

Qcells has been the most widely installed residential solar panel brand in the United States. This is their most efficient residential panel to date. It has a temperature coefficient of -0.3% and a 25-year production guarantee of 90.58%.

The Tiger Neo panel has a 22.52% maximum efficiency rating and a temperature coefficient of -0.29%. After 30 years Jinko guarantees the panel will produce 86.54%

Determining the highest solar panel efficiency is a pretty simple matter of tracking down manufacturer-provided data sheets and locating the efficiency numbers. Those numbers today are higher than in the not-too-distant past and keep creeping upward.

According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Tracking the Sun report, 2021 was the first year more than half the residential solar panels installed in the US had efficiency ratings above 20%. Ten years ago only 0.6% of those installed reached that mark.

Other solar panels we evaluated

If you're looking for the most efficient solar panel for your roof, here's how the most widely used brands on the market stack up.

Data collected in April 2024.

How efficient are solar panels?

It depends on the solar panel. The most efficient solar panel on our list tops 24%, meaning they convert more than 24% of the available energy from sunlight into usable electricity. Not all solar panels hit that figure, and the ones you buy might fall below it. Be sure to examine not just efficiency, but the whole expected output of your solar panel system for the price.

These are just the most efficient residential solar panels. Experimental technology and panels designed for commercial and utility-scale applications can be even more efficient.

What affects solar panel efficiency?

The numbers listed above are obtained under controlled conditions in laboratory tests. In the real world, plenty of factors might cause you to receive less energy than a panel's efficiency rating would suggest. 

Sunlight: If the skies are hazy or cloudy, less sunlight will reach your panels and they'll produce less electricity than expected. 

Solar panel angle: Solar panels will work facing in most directions, but there's an optimal angle and placement for your panels that depends largely on where you live.

Other electrical components: Power doesn't flow straight from the panels into your toaster. Some will be lost along the way through the inverter and other electrical devices. 

Temperature: Another factor affecting solar panels' efficiency is their temperature. As solar panels get hot, they start to produce less energy, though not at the same rate. A solar panel's temperature coefficient measures how much worse its production gets for every degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) it gets above 25C (77F).

For example, at 26C (79F) a REC Alpha Pure would produce 0.24% less energy than at 25 degrees. At 29C (84F), it would lose just shy of 1% of its production.

Solar panel efficiency by type

There are three main types of solar panels, and each converts sunlight into power at a different rate. Here's a look at the three types:

• Monocrystalline solar panels: Monocrystalline panels, which are made from a single silicon ingot sliced into thin wafers, are the most efficient, at 17% to 22%. They're also fairly pricey, generally around $1 to $1.50 per watt. Almost all residential solar panels installed today are monocrystalline.
• Polycrystalline solar panels: Polycrystalline panels generally range from 15% to 17%. They're more affordable, usually between 90 cents and $1 per watt.
• Thin-film solar panels: These panels are less expensive but also relatively inefficient. They're typically used in commercial installations. They tend to be 10% to 13% efficient and cost between $1 and $1.50 per watt.

Is solar panel efficiency important?

All things being equal, it would make sense to choose a higher-efficiency solar panel over one with a lower rating. High-efficiency solar panels typically cost more than lower-rated ones, so making the best choice becomes a matter of balancing your financial goals with what your preferred installer offers and other considerations like brand and aesthetics.

"It's just one part of the equation," said Ciolkosz. "The bigger question for the end user is the economics and how it's paying off."

Is there a case where efficiency might be a worthwhile consideration?

"If you have one of those tiny homes on HGTV," said Tom Beresnyak, a Pennsylvania State University extension educator. 

If you're limited by available space for solar panels, you might want to squeeze out as much solar energy as possible from that space, although if your state allows it, a community solar subscription still might be a better choice financially, Beresnyak said.

Can solar panels be 100% efficient?

No, but the panels listed here aren't the most efficient solar panels ever made -- just commercially available ones marketed for homes. 

Research into solar cells (the energy-producing components that make up solar panels) has produced much higher efficiencies in the lab. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory tracks the highest efficiencies achieved in standardized lab conditions. The highest-ever solar cell efficiency was 47.6%, recorded in June 2022.

What should I consider when choosing a solar panel company?

Because there's no one-size-fits-all solar solution, there's no one-size-fits-all advice for choosing a solar company. The best approach is to get quotes from multiple installers before deciding. Choose the company that has offered you the best fit for your needs, you trust to do the work and has answered all your questions.

You should understand your energy usage before going solar and decide whether your goals are to completely replace that energy, save as much money as possible or achieve something else. From there, it's a matter of measuring competing quotes against your goals.

The Department of Energy recommends that you choose an installer with credentials from a respected third party, like the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners, which operates an online directory of certified installers that you can filter by state and certification.

Installers should definitely assess your roof condition because removing panels at a later date to replace a roof will be an additional cost. They should also be able to transparently answer questions about the system's design and why they're making their specific proposal.

"The installer can make a huge difference because the angle and the mount [are important for] maximizing what you have at that location -- a skilled installer is still going to be the real key in your long term production," Beresnyak said.

Read more: See our picks for the best portable solar panels and solar generators.

How we chose and ranked the most efficient solar panels

The panels on this list were chosen because they're some of the most commonly installed panels and are likely to appear on quotes for solar installations. If you're quoted for panels that don't appear on this list, you can check their efficiency rating and other specifications in the same way I did. Here's how.

Solar panel manufacturers publish data sheets for solar panels, which detail their dimensions, performance metrics and internal chemistry. If your solar company doesn't provide you with them, you can access them by clicking on the company name in the table above. (Many of the links lead to PDFs.) From there, it's a simple matter of comparing statistics.

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