Steve Albini, an alternative rock pioneer and legendary producer who shaped the musical landscape through his work with Nirvana, the Pixies, PJ Harvey and more, has died aged 61.

Brian Fox, an engineer at Albini's studio Electrical Audio Recording, said that Albini died after a heart attack on Tuesday night, local time.

In addition to his work on rock albums such as Nirvana's In Utero, the Pixies' breakthrough Surfer Rosa, and PJ Harvey's Rid of Me, Albini was the frontman of the underground bands Big Black and Shellac.

He dismissed the term "producer," refused to take royalties from the albums he worked on, and requested he be credited with "Recorded by Steve Albini," a fabled label on albums he worked on.

At the time of his death, Albini's band Shellac were preparing to tour their first new album in a decade, To All Trains, which releases next week.

Other acts whose music was shaped by Albini include Joanna Newsom's indie-folk opus, Ys, and releases from bands like the Breeders, the Jesus Lizard, Hum, Superchunk, Low and Mogwai.

Albini was born in California, grew up in Montana, and fell in love with the do-it-yourself punk music scene in Chicago while studying journalism at Northwestern University.

As a teenager, he played in punk bands, and in college, wrote about music for the indie zine Forced Exposure.

While attending Northwestern in the early 80s, he founded the abrasive, noisy post-punk band Big Black, known for its mordant riffs, violent and taboo lyrics, and a drum machine in lieu of a live drummer.

It was a controversial innovation at the time, from a man whose career would be defined by risky choices.

The band's best-known song, the ugly, explosive, six-minute Kerosene from their cult favourite album, 1986's Atomizer, is ideal evidence — and not for the faint of heart.

In the early 90s, he formed Shellac, the ferocious, distorted noise-rock band — an evolution from Big Black, but still punctuated by pummelling guitar tones and aggressive vocals.

In 1997, Albini opened his famed studio, Electrical Audio, in Chicago.

"The recording part is the part that matters to me — that I'm making a document that records a piece of our culture, the life's work of the musicians that are hiring me," Albini told The Guardian last year, when asked about some of the well-known and much-loved albums he's recorded.

Albini was a larger-than-life character in the independent rock music scene, known for his forward-thinking productions, unapologetic irreverence, acerbic sense of humour and criticisms of the music industry's exploitative practices — as detailed in his landmark 1993 essay The Problem with Music — as much as his talents.

Later in life, he became a notable poker player and apologetic for his past behaviour.

"Ugh man, a heartbreaking loss of a legend. Love to his family and innumerable colleagues," wrote actor Elijah Wood on X.

"Farewell, Steve Albini."

Author Michael Azerrad, who included a chapter on Big Black in his comprehensive history, Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991, also posted on X.

"I don't know what to say about Steve Albini's passing," Azerrad wrote.

"I can't believe he's gone."

Albini is survived by his wife, Heather Whinna, a filmmaker.

AP/ABC