“We continue to protect people fleeing terrible wars, terror, torture and murder. But this responsibility for refugees will be spread across more shoulders in future,” she added.

The plan was drawn up after 1.3 million people, mostly those fleeing war in Syria and Iraq, sought refuge in Europe in 2015. The EU’s asylum system collapsed, reception centres were overwhelmed in Greece and Italy, and countries further north built barriers to stop people entering.

The new rules include controversial measures: facial images and fingerprints could be taken from children from the age of six.

But few have admitted to being happy with the new policy response to one of Europe’s biggest political crises, and even the MEPs who drafted parts of the new regulations were unwilling to support the entire reform package.

Prime Minister Donald Tusk said Poland would not accept the relocation mechanism which provides for relocating asylum seekers to other members, as part of curbing unwanted immigration from the Middle East and Africa.

“We will find ways so that even if the migration pact comes into force in roughly unchanged form, we will protect Poland against the relocation mechanism,” Tusk told reporters.

Poland had previously argued it should be exempt from the so-called solidarity mechanism in the new legislation as it has helped and taken in the largest number of Ukrainian refugees since Russia’s invasion of the country in 2022.

He added that EU countries needed to focus on protecting their own borders.

Swedish parliamentarian Malin Bjork, who worked on refugee resettlement, said that the pact did not respond to “any of the questions it was set to solve”.

She said the reform package “undermines the individual right to seek asylum” in Europe because it would build on plans that some EU countries already have to process migrants abroad. Italy has concluded one such deal with Albania. Bjork’s Left group voted against the pact.

The new rules include controversial measures: facial images and fingerprints could be taken from children from the age of six, and people may be detained during screening. Fast-track deportation could be used on those not permitted to stay.

On the other side of the ledger, countries can be obligated to help their EU partners by offering to house people eligible for asylum or, failing that, to pay the costs of lodging them elsewhere.

Migrant and human rights groups mostly slammed the reform package.

In a joint statement, 22 charity groups, including the International Rescue Committee and Oxfam, said the pact “leaves troubling cracks deep within Europe’s approach to asylum and migration, and fails to offer sustainable solutions for people seeking safety at Europe’s borders”.

However, they did note that part of the reforms governing the resettlement of migrants to Europe from outside the bloc “offers a glimmer of hope for many refugees across the globe”.

Eve Geddie from Amnesty International described it as “a failure to show global leadership”.

“For people escaping conflict, persecution, or economic insecurity, these reforms will mean less protection and a greater risk of facing human rights violations across Europe – including illegal and violent pushbacks, arbitrary detention, and discriminatory policing,” she said.

Mainstream political parties wanted to secure agreement on the pact ahead of Europe-wide elections held from June 6 to June 9. Migration is a likely campaign issue that has been a consistent vote-winner for far-right parties.

The outcry over migrants in Europe focuses largely on the minority of people who enter on unseaworthy boats or cross Europe’s borders on foot. Millions enter legally each year. Less than 10 per cent are living in Europe illegally, and the majority of those entered with permission but refused to leave when their visas expired.

The EU registered about 380,000 irregular border crossings last year and more than a million applications for asylum, according to the EU Agency for Asylum. More than 90 per cent of irregular migrants arrive in the EU through smugglers.

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The main issue, once the regulations are completely endorsed, is whether the member countries will ever fully implement them, and whether the EU’s executive branch, the European Commission, will enforce the rules when it has chosen not to do so to avoid exacerbating the political crisis.

AP, Bloomberg, Reuters

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