Western intelligence suggests that the missile that struck Polish territory yesterday was fired by Ukraine in an attempt to target incoming Russian missiles. Photographs posted on social media showed a damaged farm vehicle lying on its side next to a large crater. Polish media reported the casualties were farm workers.

“There is no conclusive evidence about who fired the rocket,” President Andrzej Duda said after an emergency security meeting of the Polish government. Duda also referred to the missile strike as a “one-off incident”.

Biden said there was preliminary information that contested the missile was fired from Russia.

“It is unlikely in the lines of the trajectory that it was fired from Russia but we’ll see,” he told reporters, adding that there was a need to “completely investigate” the incident. He described the latest wave of Russian missile attacks as “totally unconscionable”.

“There was total unanimity around the table” in support for Poland, Biden added after the emergency meeting with the leaders of the UK, France, Germany, Canada, Japan, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, plus the presidents of the European Council and European Commission.

Stoltenberg said Ukraine had the right to shoot down missiles that were targeting Ukrainian cities and critical infrastructure.

Volodymyr Zelensky, the Ukrainian President, had accused Russia of a “very significant escalation” of Russia’s invasion and committing “terror” on another country.

“The longer Russia feels this immunity, the more threats there will be against anyone within reach of Russian missiles,” he said. “Firing missiles at NATO territory is a Russian attack on collective security. This is a very significant escalation. We must act.”

Russia’s defence ministry immediately denied responsibility, saying claims the missile was fired by its forces were a “deliberate provocation with the goal of escalating the situation”.

The Polish foreign minister summoned the Russian ambassador for “immediate detailed explanations”, while Poland’s representative to the UN wrote on Twitter that he would raise the issue at the Security Council.

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese after meeting with EU leaders separately said: “Russia’s reckless and dangerous use of force promotes danger for the entire region and we’ve seen that overnight and I send my condolences to Poland on the loss of life,” he said.

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s forces, humiliated after withdrawal of troops from Kherson, fired three waves of missiles from the areas in or around the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The Kyiv region was targeted for hours on Tuesday afternoon (Ukraine time) in a strike that was bigger than the October 10 attack which involved 84 missile hits.

At least one death was reported in the capital but emergency workers were still on site.

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A spokesperson for the Ukrainian Air Force, Yuri Ihnat, said: “The Russians have fired around 100 missiles during this massive attack. They’ve outdone the 10th of October when they fired 84 missiles.”

Power outages were confirmed in the regions of Zhytomyr, Ternopil, Lviv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Zap, Rivne, Volyn, Dnipro and Poltava. Multiple missiles landed in the Pechersk district, in the centre of Kyiv, hitting two residential buildings. Another missile hit the Holosiyivsky district in the south of the city.

In a letter released by the European Commission, G7 leaders said from Nusa Dua in Bali: “We condemn the barbaric missile attacks that Russia perpetrated on Ukrainian cities and civilian infrastructure on Tuesday”.

“We offer our full support for and assistance with Poland’s ongoing investigation. We agree to remain in close touch to determine appropriate next steps as the investigation proceeds.”