The mesh nets are installed at 51 beaches from Newcastle to Wollongong, from September 1 to April 30 every year.

Under changes announced on Wednesday, the NSW government will remove shark nets one month earlier than usual to respond to increased turtle activity in April, increase the frequency of inspections during March to every second day, use drone surveillance to scout for turtles every other day, and trial the use of lights to deter turtles in February and March.

A deterrent rather than a barrier, the nets are 150 metres long and six metres above the sea floor, so sharks and other marine mammals can swim over, under and around them. They are positioned parallel to the beach 500 metres out to sea.

The nets are different to permanent shark nets in place at many harbour beaches, which enclose the swimming area and use materials that do not trap or harm marine animals.

A 2002 government report listed the mesh nets as a “key threatening process” for both grey nurse sharks and great white sharks, which are listed as vulnerable.

“They are stagnant death traps that are not doing what they should because they don’t reduce the risk of shark bite,” Chlebeck said.

The annual report of the shark management program for 2023-24 to be published on Thursday will reveal that 255 marine animals were caught in the nets last season. Of those, only 15 were target species (great white sharks, tiger sharks and bull sharks). Of the 240 non-target animals, 65 were threatened or protected species, including 29 turtles.

NSW Minister for Agriculture Tara Moriarty said the government’s $21.5 million shark management program was “evidence-based”, and the government had responded to community feedback.

“The NSW Government’s priority is the safety of beachgoers, at the same time we are committed to protecting our state’s marine life,” she said.

Other shark management measures include drone surveillance, listening stations to detect tagged sharks, training for surf clubs, and 305 SMART drumlines from Tweed to Bega, which aim to capture sharks unharmed and relocate them further offshore.

The mesh nets have been used on NSW beaches since 1937. A 1997 peer-reviewed paper in Ocean & Coastal Management found the meshing programs in Australia and overseas reduced the rate of human-shark interactions by up to 90 per cent.

However, a 2019 study of the nets from the University of Wollongong in People and Nature found there was no difference in risk between a netted and non-netted beach, and any improvements in public safety came from surf lifesaving patrols.

Figures from the Australian Shark Incident Database, maintained by Taronga Conservation Society Australia, suggest there have been more than 100 unprovoked shark bites in NSW over the past 20 years. The majority were great whites, followed by wobbegongs and bull sharks. Only one was a grey nurse – an incident at Shelly Beach near Manly, a popular swimming and snorkelling area, in 2019.

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Meagher said great white and bull sharks were a threat to humans, but wobbegongs were too small to do much damage and mostly bit people who accidentally stepped on the bottom-dwellers.

Bondi resident Duncan Heuer, co-founder of the Saving Norman campaign to end mesh nets, said grey nurse sharks were very docile, especially in daylight. Local divers discovered an aggregation site of the protected species during the pandemic.

A number of councils are opposed to shark nets, including Waverley, Northern Beaches, Central Coast and Wollongong. The government flagged it would consider local decision-making on the removal or use of nets in the future.

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